Sustainability Accounting and Accountability Theory

Question: Examine about the Sustainability Accounting and Accountability Theory. Answer: Presentation: Bookkeeping Researchers had demonstrated extraordinary enthusiasm from where legislative issues influences bookkeeping standard-setting process (Pratt 2013). This implies easygoing perception of the standard-setting process proposing legislative issues and administrative exercises influences setting of bookkeeping measures. At the end of the day, Researchers significantly creates just as test given monetary based speculations of standard setting for catching the political variables. The principle objective depends after orchestrating experimental examination for the most part in governmental issues of standard setting at FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board). This focuses on unmistakably understanding the governmental issues of standard setting for exploring on the advancement level beyond what many would consider possible (Dillard and Vinnari 2016). Difficulties It has been seen that there is nobody model that focuses on completely catching the complex monetary just as political nature of bookkeeping standard setting. This uncovers models gives important system particularly to exact work (Deegan 2013). Analysts faces risk in over fitting the information by deciphering given exact work for steady preferred model. There are different difficulties seen in connection with fitting the hypothesis just as experimental work. There is commonly acceptable arrangement of proof indicating the impact of legislative issues particularly on standard setting. It uncovers considering number of models both in US just as on universal premise as straightforwardly influenced by given standard setting results (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). These models make it understood for the legislative issues as assuming significant job in standard setting. These difficulties help in giving bigger example as saw in IAS 39. Dangers There have been thoughtful conversations with respect to the proposed new bookkeeping rules for leases. This implies at the danger of over-improvement, it considers the current FASB or IASB proposition for promoting the rent exchanges including working leases portrayed in a critical position sheet. It help unbiased eyewitnesses for getting improvement bookkeeping as if there should be an occurrence of monetary substance in numerous leases for indicated period for resource buy financed by obligation (Pratt 2013). A few endeavors have been embraced for taking out the elective bookkeeping medicines for given exchange class. For example, if an individual accepts directors takes thought in regards to the bookkeeping decisions for flagging private data, it disposes of with the capacity from detailing exchanges for lessening enlightening qualities. Issues Plan of standard setters considers as one of the vital determinant of bookkeeping principles for keeping an eye on the bookkeeping issues comprehensive of standard setters. At the end of the day, there are a portion of the questionable bookkeeping issues as tended to by FASB in the event of oil and gas bookkeeping. For this situation, it was adequately included by FASB plan in understanding the full cost strategy bookkeeping rules (Dillard and Vinnari 2016). In this manner, one of the methodological issues uncovers confining the examples from bookkeeping firms hall from the remark letter process. For Instance, general methodology uncovers campaigning in two significant viewpoints, for example, incorporating remark letters in respondent with significant standard setting issues. There are different discoveries found from the components overseeing political and administrative traits, for example, shared trait among the positions (Deegan 2013). There is no solid alliances in and among the constituents in lining up with shifted process for increasing comprehension of considerable issues for hidden standard setting process. Reference List Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. what's more, O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Manageability bookkeeping and responsibility. Routledge. Deegan, C., 2013. Money related bookkeeping hypothesis. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dillard, J. what's more, Vinnari, E., 2016. A contextual analysis of investigate: Critical points of view on basic bookkeeping. Basic Perspectives on Accounting. Pratt, J., 2013. Budgetary bookkeeping in a financial setting. Wiley Global Education.

Asiatic Cholera essays

Asiatic Cholera papers The infection known as Asiatic cholera previously penetrated Great Britain in 1831, with its appearance in Sunderland1. From that point, it broke out in scourge extents through 1832. Three additional scourges would follow the 1832 episode, 1848, 1854, and 1866. Cholera is characterized as an intense irresistible sickness, began in India, portrayed by bountiful regurgitating, cramps, etc.2 These scourges slaughtered various Brits and affected some more. A few reasons can be seen for the proceeded with importation and spread during these various pandemics. Among the most noticeable is contest inside the clinical network. Until Robert Koch was credited with segregating Vibrio cholerae in 18833, the network was continually torn over the reason for malady by and large and explicitly cholera. Numerous hypotheses happened, each apparently questioning the past. With these new logical speculations came contentions with respect to the best strategies to forestall, control and manage the cholera. Until Kochs revelation finished the question, there was rarely a general agreement with respect to the best strategy for care for cholera casualties. This paper will look at the causes and side effects of cholera, insights of the four flare-ups, the unique impacts that cholera had on the laypeople, and the varying speculations and how they eased back progress towards avoidance of cholera. Cholera is an infection brought about by the microscopic organisms Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is spread through water or food that has been polluted by the defecation of others contaminated with cholera4. Side effects incorporate a few attributes. At first, the individual is restless, and disgusted just as bleary eyed. This is trailed by serious spewing and looseness of the bowels, with excrement that are a grayish fluid, regularly called rice water. This is before long followed by outrageous muscle squeezes (or even seizures) and a longing for water. This is trailed by the sinking stage where the patients heartbeat and body t... <!

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn®

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn ® Are you bilingual or multilingual? The general rule on LinkedIn ® is that you may only have one profile; having multiple profiles is a violation of the Terms of Service that could get you booted off the site. However, there is one exception to that rule: the Secondary Language Profile. As of January 2013, over 64% of LinkedIn ® members are located outside of the US. Because such a large portion of users are multilingual and interested in connecting with people both inside and outside of English-speaking countries, LinkedIn ®   allows users to set up additional LinkedIn ® profiles that cater to secondary languages. LinkedIn ® supports the following languages: English | Czech | Danish | Dutch | French| German | Indonesian | Italian | Japanese | Korean | Malay | Norwegian | Polish | Portuguese | Romanian | Russian| Spanish | Swedish| Tagalog | Turkish Click here for a list of languages supported by LinkedIn ® mobile applications. NOTE: You cannot change the default language of your profile once youve set it up in a particular language. Its recommended that you set up a secondary language profile instead. Creating a Profile in Another Language To create a profile in another language, go to your Profile page and click the down arrow to the right of your Edit Profile button. Select Create profile in another language:   Choose your language from the dropdown menu:   Youll also want to update your Professional Headline. Then click Create Profile. The language you select will determine the default language for your profile display and also the language in which you will receive messages from the LinkedIn Corporation. Content and messages will always be displayed in the language in which they are written. LinkedIn ® does not translate content or messages for you, so you will need to go through each section and update all necessary fields. Remember to save each section before continuing onto the next. When a member signs in to LinkedIn ® and views your profile, they will see it in the language you chose when you set up your account; or, if you have multiple profiles in several languages, viewers will see the one most relevant to them. The viewer has the ability to choose from your language profiles by selecting one from the dropdown menu underneath your profile photo.   All of your language profiles will show up in search engines and have their own URL. You can also delete a secondary language profile by select the language from this dropdown list. Just select Delete this profile link and click Delete. Let me know if this article was useful to you! Also note that the inspiration for this topic came from a question submitted by one of my readers so please do contribute your ideas if you have them! Finally, a Bonus Tip on Secondary Language Profiles has been added to the 7th Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile coming soon!

Challenges And Suggestions The Act And Modal Rules Essay

CHALLENGES AND SUGGESTIONS: 1) Creating Awareness: The Act and Modal Rules are a detailed and comprehensive piece of legislation presented as a legal document which is not easy to understand by the majority of the stakeholders. Most well meaning legislation fails to make an impact or significant changes without proper awareness and grass root pressure. This can be undertaken through mass awareness programme as well as ensuring proper understanding by all people responsible for its implementation. Hence, this programme should be included in the functions and duties of the state Government or local authorities under clause 1, 2, 3 of section 35 in chapter VII (Miscellaneous). 2) Inputs Outcomes: The Act is excessively input focused rather than outcome oriented. Even though better school facilities, books, uniform, better-qualified teachers are important, their significance in the act has been overestimated in the light of inefficient and unaccountable monitoring agency. Their role and functions responsibilities need to be more clearly defined. 3) School Recognition: The act unfairly penalizes private aided / unaided schools for lacking the infrastructure facilities listed under the schedule in the Act. But the ground reality is, that these schools are extremely cost efficient, operate mostly in urban slums and rural areas and provide essential and educational services to the middle class. It is a well-known fact that such schools provide better teaching servicesShow MoreRelatedEssay about Pragmatic Develpment in a Second Language669 Words   |  3 PagesIn line with the fact that speech acts of suggestion themselves have not been studied in the same capacity as other speech acts (Schmidt, et al., 1995), L2 pragmatics literature on suggestions is also quite limited. Only a small number of researchers have made attempts to explicitly address suggestions, how they are used in classroom interaction, and teacher-student conversations in conferences. Overall, a unanimous agreement exists among the available research (Bardo vi-Harlig and Hartford, 1990Read MoreThe Problem Of Face Theory1627 Words   |  7 Pagescan be mitigated through positive and negative politeness strategies. Social theorists Watts and Locher challenge this â€Å"overextended† (2005: 10) notion of politeness, instead proposing that ‘politic’ behaviour is used in interaction; this is behaviour that is considered ‘appropriate’. These theories will form the foundations of this discussion on the issue of mitigating face threatening acts (FTA’s). The role of context when FTA’s occur amongst family and friends will also be questioned throughRead MoreLeadership Theories Of The Great Man Theory1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthese two dimensions are: - A leader high in concern for task, plans and defines work to be done, assigns task responsibilities, sets clear work standards, urges task completion and monitors performance results. - A leader high in concern for people, acts in a manner that is warm and supportive towards followers, maintains good social relations with them, respects their feelings, is sensitive to their needs and shows trust to them. - (Schermerhorn, Management) The most effective leaders are high inRead MoreEssay on Teaching: Grammatical Number and Notes21041 Words   |  85 Pagesexplains the usage and provides them with engaging activities. In order to mix it up, she decides to write a series of five sentences on the board, all in the present continuous, and then asks her students to look at the material and try to discover the rules of the grammar point.   What type of activity has Joanna employed? Discovery activity When reading the journals that your students keep, you notice that a lot of the students are talking about their daily activities.   To help them with this writingRead MoreEssay on 30 Activities for one-one teaching8253 Words   |  34 PagesThe  Audition 13. A  Story  before  Bedtime 14. Can  I  have  a  few  minutes  of  your  time,  please? 15. Thinking  outside  of  the  Box 16. Playing  Devil’s  Advocate 17. Celebrity  Interviews 18. I’m  on  the  phone! 19. The  Elevator  Pitch 20. The  Dinner  Party  Challenge 21. The  Balloon  Debate 22. And  the  Oscar  goes  to†¦.. 23. Automatic  Exclamation 24. Phrasal  Verb  Swap 25. Where  do  you  see  yourself  in  5  years’  time? 26. If  I  Ruled  the  World 27. Resolving  Disputes 28.   To  Do  List 29. Company  Policy 30. You’re  the  Teacher Read MoreLogistics Management System for Hizon Laboratory Incorporated6746 Words   |  27 Pagesuseful, at this point to consider logistics in the context of business and the economy as a whole. â€Å"Texas Instruments major hospital uses RFID to achieve substantial cost savings and higher efficiency in its garment and laundry operations: The challenge was to design a system that would provide real-time data on garment logistics as they move from laundry to storage cabinets in the hospital and out to the wards and individual users, and back to the laundry. Any tracking system had to be easy toRead MoreConflict Resolution Toolkit4549 Words   |  19 Pagessignificant. The warrant answers the claim question whether it is true or not 4. Backing: Backing (or support) for an argument gives additional support to the warrant by answering different questions. 5. Qualifiers and reservations: the qualifier (or modal qualifier) indicates the strength of the leap from the data to the warrant and may limit how universally the claim applies. 6. Rebuttal Arguments in the workplace can be tricky yet there is a technique to solve them. Arguments can be analyzed effectivelyRead MoreAn Application for Automated Evaluation of Student Essay5644 Words   |  23 Pagesthese terms must appear to be considered discourse markers. For example, for first to be considered a discourse marker, it cannot be a nominal modifier, as in â€Å"The first time that I saw her...† where first modifies the noun time. Instead, first must act as an adverbial conjunct, as in, â€Å"First, it has often been noted...† To capture an essay’s topical content, e-rater uses content vector analyses that are based on the vector-space model (Salton, Wong, and Yang 1975). A set of essays that are used toRead MoreW1 Active Adj14109 Words   |  57 PagesS2, W2 accommodation n S2, W2 accompany v W2 according to prep S2, W1 account n S1, W1 account v S3, W2 accurate adj S2, W3 accuse v W3 achieve v S2, W1 achievement n S3, W2 acid n W3 acknowledge v S3, W3 acquire v W2 across adv, prep S1, W1 act n S1, W1 act v S2, W1 action n S1, W1 active adj S2, W2 activist n S3 activity n S2, W1 actor n W3 actual adj S1, W2 actually adv S1, W1 ad n S3, W3 adapt v W3 add v S1, W1 addition n S3, W1 additional adj S3, W2 address n S2, W2 address v S2, W2 adequateRead MoreStudies of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Interlanguage7383 Words   |  30 Pagesof negative pragmatic transfers ; and 4) native speakerz] attitudes towards L 1 negative pragmat 2 s ic transfers . Consequently , issues for future studies are also raised. Key words: negative pragmatic transfer ; interlanguage pragmatics ; speech acts [ ï ¿ ½d ï ¿ ½1 ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ]H09,ï ¿ ½ ,ï ¿ ½ [ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½pï ¿ ½J ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½2 ]A ,ï ¿ ½ ,ï ¿ ½ ,ï ¿ ½ [ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½T ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ]100126597 (2002 ) 0120034212 ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ 1 Negative pr agm atic tr ansfer and its r ole in inter language p r agmatics . Interlanguage pragmatics ( ILP ) is a new branch of pragmatics . It

Coker v. Georgia Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

In Coker v. Georgia (1977), the Supreme Court ruled that issuing a death sentence for the rape of an adult woman was cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Fast Facts: Coker v. Georgia Case Argued: March 28, 1977Decision Issued: June 29, 1977Petitioner: Erlich Anthony Coker, an inmate serving a number of sentences in a Georgia prison for murder, rape, kidnapping, and assault, who escaped and raped a womanRespondent: The state of GeorgiaKey Question: Was the imposition of the death penalty for rape a form of cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices White, Stewart, Blackmun, Stevens, Brennan, Marshall, PowellDissenting: Justices Burger, RehnquistRuling: The Court found that a death sentence was a â€Å"grossly disproportionate and excessive punishment† for the crime of rape, which violated Cokers Eighth Amendment rights. Facts of the Case In 1974, Ehrlich Coker escaped from a Georgia prison where he was serving multiple sentences for murder, rape, kidnapping, and aggravated assault. He entered the home of Allen and Elnita Carver through a back door. Coker threatened the Carvers and tied up Allen Carver, taking his keys and wallet. He threatened Elnita Carver with a knife and raped her. Coker then got in the car and drove off, taking Elnita with him. Allen freed himself and called the police. Officers found and arrested Coker. In 1974, the Georgia Criminal Code read, [a] person convicted of rape shall be punished by death or by imprisonment for life, or by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. The death penalty could only be pursued for rape in Georgia if one of three â€Å"aggravating circumstances† were present: The offender had a prior conviction for a capital felony.The rape was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of another capital felony, or aggravated battery.†The rape was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or aggravated battery to the victim.† The jury found Coker guilty of the first two aggravating circumstances. He had prior convictions for capital felonies and committed armed robbery during the assault. The Supreme Court granted certiorari. The case built upon a foundation that the Supreme Court had laid under Furman v. Georgia (1972) and Gregg v. Georgia (1976). Under Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court had held that the Eighth Amendment bars both â€Å"barbaric† and â€Å"excessive† punishments for crime. â€Å"Excessive† punishment was defined as punishment that: does nothing to contribute to â€Å"acceptable goals† of punishment;is purposeless or needless imposition of pain and suffering;is â€Å"grossly† disproportionate to the severity of the crime. Gregg v. Georgia also required courts to use objective factors to establish the above criteria. A court must look at history, precedent, legislative attitudes, and jury conduct. Arguments The attorney representing Coker focused on the proportionality of the punishment to the crime. Imprisonment was a more appropriate punishment for rape than death, he argued. Cokers attorney further noted that there was an evident trend towards abolishing the death penalty in rape cases. The attorney on behalf of the state of Georgia argued that the death penalty did not violate Cokers Eighth Amendment protections against cruel and unusual punishment. The state of Georgia had a vested interest in reducing recidivism by imposing harsh punishments on violent crimes, according to the attorney. He argued that the punishment of capital crimes should be left to state legislators. Majority Opinion Justice Byron Raymond White delivered the 7-2 decision. The majority found that a death sentence was â€Å"grossly disproportionate and excessive punishment† for the crime of rape. Issuing the death penalty against Coker violated the Eighth Amendment. Rape, while â€Å"highly reprehensible, both in a moral sense and in its almost total contempt for the personal integrity,† should not require capital punishment, the majority argued. The Court dismissed the idea that â€Å"aggravating circumstances† should allow a jury to increase punishment to the level of a death sentence. The majority noted that Georgia was the only state which still allowed a death sentence for the rape of an adult woman. Since 1973 Georgia juries had only sentenced six men to death in Georgia for rape and one of those convictions was set aside. According to the majority, these, along with other statistics, showed a growing trend towards punishments other than death for rape. Justice White concluded the majority opinion by highlighting the fact that in Georgia, murderers were not subject to the death penalty if aggravating circumstances were not present. Justice White wrote: â€Å"It is difficult to accept the notion, and we do not, that the rapist, with or without aggravating circumstances, should be punished more heavily than the deliberate killer as long as the rapist does not himself take the life of his victim.† Dissenting Opinion Justice Warren Earl Burger filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Rehnquist. Justice Burger felt that the question of how to punish repeat offenders should be left up to legislators. He rejected the idea that punishment can only be as severe as the crime itself, and argued that the Court had underestimated the â€Å"profound suffering the crime imposes upon the victims and their loved ones.† Justice Burger noted that Coker had previously been convicted for two separate and brutal sexual assaults. The state of Georgia, he argued, should be allowed to more severely punish the third instance of the crime to deter other repeat offenders and encourage victim reporting. Concurring Opinions Multiple Justices authored concurring opinions to address specific elements of the case. Justices Brennan and Marshall, for example, wrote that the death penalty should be unconstitutional in all circumstances under the Eighth Amendment. Justice Powell, however, stated that the death penalty should be allowed in some rape cases where aggravating circumstances are present, just not the one at hand. Impact Coker v. Georgia was one case in a group of Eighth Amendment death penalty cases handled by the Supreme Court. While the Court found the death penalty unconstitutional when applied to the rape of an adult woman, they left it at that. The death penalty remained an option for juries hearing child rape cases in Mississippi and Florida until the 1980’s. In 2008, Kennedy v. Louisiana outlawed the death penalty, even in cases of child rape, signaling that the court would not tolerate the death penalty in cases other than murder or treason. Sources Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977).Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008).Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976).

Unit 8 Child Care Level 3 Essay - 2662 Words

Unit 8- Caring for children E1/A1 The role and responsibilities of an early year’s practitioner follow a number of codes. When working with children there are many care needs of children, such as special needs, safeguarding children, children’s learning, behaviour, and working with parents. Early years practitioners have set responsibilities when working with children, like meeting the learning needs of a child, providing an environment which is welcoming and also they have to work together as part of a team to provide good service for both children and parents. Practitioners have to put the needs of children first because this will help keep children safe and encourages children to be independent. It’s important to show†¦show more content†¦Child Care and Education 4th Edition page 332 Penny Tassoni 2007 An independent setting is where they have more freedom. They may not reply on government funding and also they may not have to follow the EYFS or the national curriculum. E4/C1 The Education Act 2002 – local schools and authorities are required to protect and safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The Every Child Matters (ECM) 2004- The main points of this act regulates care of children is to protect and promote the welfare of children. Being healthy, achieving goals and being involved in different activities. Child Act 1989- â€Å"the Children Act 1989 aimed to ensure that the welfare of the child was paramount, working in partnership with parents to protect the child from harm† http://www.careandthelaw.org.uk/eng/b_section2 appendix 3 Children and young people should feel happy, safe, respected and included in the school or early years setting environment and all staff should be proactive in promoting positive behavior in the classroom, playground and the wider community. Policies and practice which make sure the safety and wellbeing of children should already be in place and it is this legislation develop through many years and experiences, and mistakes, that underpin the working practices that are used today. They also have a responsibility to make sure that staff have the necessary training to put policies into practice including, first aidShow MoreRelatedDirect Health Care Costs For Health Services Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesDirect health care costs to health services: 1- Staffing : cardiologists 2- Training costs 3- Inpatient services and hospital admission 4- Diagnostic procedures 5- Post-operative care cost ,such as imaging services and ECG costs, and medical devices 6- Consumables : e.g. drugs, suture, dressing, gown 7- Outpatient clinic costs, follow up care, such as cardiologists visit 8- Costs of treating of side effects such as, GPs visit 9- Capital costs: spaces required to provide the new intervention 10-Read MoreLevel 2 Certificate For The Children And Young People Questions 11553 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Level 2 Certificate for the Children and Young People’s Workforce UNIT 001 Knowledge Questions Outcome 1 1.1.1 What are the different reasons people communicate and why? People communicate so that you can tell people how you feel and what you need. You communicate to find out information. 1.1.2 Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of your work Communication from my room leader and manager needs to be clear in order for me to undertake the tasks I am asked to doRead MoreBaby Friendly Hospital Initiative Is Started By The World Health Organization1631 Words   |  7 Pagesworldwide. This program established over 26 years ago was developed for recognizing birthing facilities for their top level of infant feeding practices as well as mother- child bonding style focus. The success of initiative can be contributed to the UNICEF/WHO Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding guidelines. These guidelines were established in order to standardize the information and care provided to women about postpartum in regardless of type of birth. As of 2016, over 170 countries have taken measuresRead MoreThe Cause Of Maternal Death Worldwide1390 Words   |  6 PagesHospital’s LDRP unit for more education related to maternal sepsis. Memorial Hospital, located in York, Pennsylvania is a small hospital, with limited resources. Education a nd preparedness on topics that are seen infrequently could prevent a serious event. Regular training and education on early recognition of sepsis, signs and symptoms, and the need for prompt assessment and treatment to prevent the rapid progression of sepsis to septic shock should be available for health care professionals (CantwellRead MoreCase Study Assignment : Patient Profile And Background Information1295 Words   |  6 Pages Case Study Assignment for Unit 1 Diane Vinciguerra Jacksonville University March 6, 2015 Case Study Assignment for Unit 1 Patient Profile and Background Information Mrs. J. arrives at the emergency department with her 6 year old son, PJ, who has a history of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). He is febrile (101.7 ° F orally), BP 98/66, HR 122, RR 32 with the use of accessory muscles. Mother states PJ has, for the last five days, exhibited signs and symptoms of upper respiratory infectionRead MoreHealth, Safety and Hygiene1412 Words   |  6 PagesSheet 3: Health, safety and hygiene For this assessor visit, you will need to carry out a snack or mealtime routine in your placement. You will need to talk to your placement supervisor about this. Do this at least a week ahead of your assessor visit. Purpose: This visit will focus on your understanding of the Health and Safety and Food Management policies and procedures in your placement. You should be able to give your assessor a tour of the placement pointing out the relevant aspects. YouRead MoreGraded Unit Action Plan838 Words   |  4 Pagesto children and stakeholders. I will aim to link my research to the following Units F56Y 35 Childhood Practice and Social Services: Developing Leadership DN1H 35 Managing Quality in Early Education and Childcare Settings F56B 35 Developing Professional Childhood Practice F56A 35 Integrated Working and Collaborative Practice Rationale The basis for this research is down to the amount of changes that we as child practitioners have gone through when it comes to qualifications. I am on the PDARead MoreEffects of Divorce on Children Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagestwo people marry, they are seemingly deciding that they will be together until death separates them. When those two married people then decide to start a family together, that further solidifies the notion that they will be together as a whole family unit. Unfortunately, some things do not always work out as hoped and planned for them to, and marriages fall apart. Statistics show that 50% of marriages end in divorce. It is an even more unfortunate situation when there are children involved. The psychologicalRead MoreHealth and Social Care Unit 44877 Words   |  4 PagesHealth and Social Care level 3 unit 44 P1. EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A HEALTH OR SOCIAL CARE ORGANISATION. The aim of the organization (red hut day nursery) was to carry out high standards of care from children age from 3 months to 5 yrs old. Whilst following the curriculum guidelines of early years foundation. The role of the organization was to care for children within their responsibilities whilst the Childs parents or carer has left them in the organization care. Policies suchRead MoreCypop 5 Task 1 Legislation and Governing Bodies Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesusing home based care settings. I have outlined the four below that I feel would be most important for Anjum’s family to be aware of: Children Act 2004 The Introduction of The Children Act was the first time that a UK law had acknowledged that children had rights. It Places responsibility on home based child carers to help a child meet the following five priority outcomes: Be healthy – Ensuring the physical, mental and emotional well-being of the child. Stay safe – protect the child from harm or

All Quite On The Western Front Essay Example For Students

All Quite On The Western Front Essay All Quiet on the Western Front shows the change in attitudes of the men before and during the war. This novel is able to portray the overwhelming effects and power war has to deteriorate the human spirit. Starting out leaving youre home and family pr d and ready to fight for you country, to ending up tired and scarred both physically and mentally beyond description. At the beginning of the novel nationalist feelings are present through pride of Paul and the rest of the boys. However at the end of the war it is apparent how pointless war really is. *All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that greatly helps in the understanding the effects war. The novel best shows the attitudes of the soldiers before the war and during the war. Before the war there are high morals and growing nationalist feel gs. During the war however, the soldiers discover the trauma of war. They discover that it is a waste of time and their hopes and dreams of their life fly further and further away. The remains of Paul Baumers company had moved behind the German front l es for a short rest at the beginning of the novel. After Behm became Pauls first dead schoolmate, Paul viewed the older generation bitterly, particularly Kantorek, the teacher who convinced Paul and his classmates to join the military. While they tau t that duty to ones country is the greatest thing, we already that death-throes are stronger. And we saw that there was nothing of their world left. We were all at once terribly alone; and alone we must see it through.P. 13 Paul felt completely etrayed. We will make ourselves comfortable and sleep, and eat as much as we can stuff into our bellies, and drink and smoke so that hours are not wasted. Life is short. P 139 Views of death and becoming more comfortable with their destiny in the r became more apparent throughout the novel. Paul loses faith in the war in each passing day. * Through out the novel it was evident that the war scarred the soldiers permanently mentally. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. When we run t again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think: wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back into the dug-out and find him with a small scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded. P 131 Even the big men like Himmelstoss are scared to go ght. He is in a panic; he is new to it too. But it makes me mad that the young recruits should be out there and he here. P 131 The soldiers were being crushed and seeing things get destroyed, but because they had detached themselves they thought t y were able to handle it. We believe in such things no longer, we believe in  war.P.88 That was Pauls motto. Although, as time went on he began to realize something wasnt right. He tried to replace these feelings with pleasure, so he spent the ight at the French girls house. After he just felt worse and unfulfilled. we are crude and sorrowful and superficial I believe we are lost.P123 When Paul realizes that we are all brothers, true mental struggle is seen. Comrade, I did not ant to kill youWhy do they never tell us you are poor devils like us and that you have the same fear of deathIf we could just throw away these riffles and this uniform you could be my brother P. 223-224. The apparent change in views on e war has become extremely apparent. .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postImageUrl , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:visited , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active { border:0!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:active , .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88f807337ec30fba291f069abd51eecd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Inspector Calls EssayIn a war there is obviously apparent physical scars. As seen throughout the entire book, the destruction of war is great, on not only lives and property, but also on the human spirit. The young men in this book and of those of the times were subjec to physical torment. Eyes were blinded from such sights as, limbs being blown off, blood flowing everywhere, and innocent men dying in agony. When soldiers take shelter in the graveyard, bombs explode all around them; the living hide in coffins and th dead are thrown from their graves. The destructive power is so great that even the fundamental differences between life and death become blurred. All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that portrayed World War I as it actually was. It is able to show all aspects of the actual war. It told the truth and showed the effects it had on the human spirit and views of war. It began with pride and e ed with agony.

Aphasia Essays - Huntingtons Disease, Chorea, Woody Guthrie

Aphasia -What is Huntington's Disease? -Huntington's Disease, also known as Huntington's Chorea, is a severe, degenerative, hereditary disorder of the nervous system. -Who or what is Huntington's Disease named for? -It is named after George Huntington, an American physician who first described the disease in 1872. -Who does Huntington's Disease affect? -Anyone who inherits an abnormal gene on one of a pair of chromosomes designated as chromosome 4. One of the patient's parents has to have had Huntington's Disease in order for it to be passed on to their offspring. If one of the parents has the distorted chromosome, there is a 50 percent chance it will be passed on to their offspring(s). Anyone who inherits the chromosome will inevitably fall victim to Huntington's Chorea. -At what age or ages are most patients affected? -The symptoms usually begin when the patient is 35-40 years of age. However, the disease can strike anytime; children and people in their old age can also begin to show symptoms. Patients who develop Huntington's Disease as children rarely live till adulthood. -What are some early symptoms of Huntington's Disease? -Early symptoms include: Clumsiness, restlessness, dullness, irritability, carelessness about one's personal grooming, depression, forgetfulness, mood swings, and involuntary twitching and/or lack of coordination. -What are some later symptoms of the disease? -Later symptoms include: Loss of memory, loss of concentration, pouting of lips, irregular raising of eyelids, pouting on cheeks. Soon, the head, shoulders, arms, and legs spasm uncontrollably. The disease gradually destroys the patient's memory and intellect, and the patient loses all control over muscles and over mental ability. -Is Huntington's Disease fatal? -Yes, anyone who inherits it will inevitably die from it. At the present, there are no medications and no known cure. -Is there anyway to determine whether or not someone has the disease? -Yes. In 1993 the HD gene was isolated and a direct genetic test was developed that accurately determines whether or not someone carries the gene. However, since there is no known cure, many unsure patients decide not to take the test. -Why is Huntington's Disease often called Huntington's Chorea? -It is called Huntington's Chorea because often the patient's spasms, combined with their voluntary walking, somewhat resemble a dance. Chorea means dance. It is derived from the same root as choreography. -Are there any celebrity casualties? -Woody Guthrie, the legendary depression-era folk singer and songwriter, was diagnosed with the disease in 1954, and lived with it for 13 years, until his death in 1967. Guthrie's mother, Nora Guthrie, had also developed the disease, but as the rural Oklahoma doctors could not diagnose it, Mrs. Guthrie was placed in the state insane asylum, where she died. Medicine

Compound Terms That Start with Half

Compound Terms That Start with Half Compound Terms That Start with â€Å"Half† Compound Terms That Start with â€Å"Half† By Mark Nichol By now, you have observed that compounds of two words can be closed, like paperback, hyphenated, like light-year, or open, like â€Å"ice cream.† This inconsistency (sometimes persisting, sometimes differing as the prevailing style changes) is one of the maddening vagaries of the English language, but the puzzlement intensifies when the style differs even among compounds beginning with the same word. Take compounds that start with half, for instance. The variability exists regardless of which part of speech the compound represents. Consider these sample nouns: In field sports such as football and soccer, one of the positions is halfback. But a brother or sister related to one by only one parent is a half brother or a half sister, and when the moon is half full, it is called a half-moon. Further inconsistency prevails, for example, in classes of similar terms: A fifty-cent piece is a half-dollar, but several other numismatic terms beginning with half â€Å"half crown,† â€Å"half dime,† and â€Å"half eagle† are open. (These are all discontinued values of currency, but the discrepancy persists.) Adjectives incorporating the word half also vary in style: Something that is lacking in effort is halfhearted the adverbial and noun forms, halfheartedly and halfheartedness, are also closed while something incomplete or lacking in some quality is half-baked. (I know of no adjectives beginning with half that are open compounds.) The compound verbs beginning with half that I found listed in one dictionary are consistently hyphenated, but there are only three: half-mast, half-sole, and half-volley. Adverbs are rare, too, but they follow the style of the adjectival forms. The form for a given compound may differ depending on part of speech or on meaning: For example, a book cover consisting of two distinct materials is half-bound, but the style is called half binding, and â€Å"half hour† is open, but half-hourly, as an adjective or adverb, is hyphenated. Meanwhile, the term for the intermission of a competition, whether used as a noun or an adjective, is halftime (â€Å"I walked around the stadium to stretch my legs during halftime†; â€Å"The halftime show seemed interminable†), but in the adjectival or adverbial sense of working half of the normal workweek, it is styled half-time. I could use another hyphenated compound beginning with half to describe my feelings about this imperfect system, but I’ll just say that the inconsistent nature of terms that belong in this broad category requires that I often do what I recommend you do whenever you plan to use one: Look it up. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsI wish I were...

Capstone Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capstone Project - Assignment Example After a number of meetings they recommended three very important violence prevention programs which include prevention, intervention and treatment. They also established a new department of community programs to manage them. The first program involved improving and expanding gun violence prevention efforts in schools. This program kicked off in 1993 but was enforced in 1998 in response to the shooting in Jonesboro school. Schools in Arkansas started receiving federal funds to enable them set school based violence resource centers. According to Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families (2002), these violence resource centers wrote and published guidebooks on violence prevention that are now used in schools. The second program was an initiative of creating a Community threat assessment program. It was enforced in 1994 by the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families. The organization published a handbook addressing violence â€Å"computer, cellos and call-in radio: violence prevention tools for the 90s†. This book had the steps to follow in confronting violence in the community. The last one was enhancing service provision and accessibility of mental and behavioral health under the treatment initiative. This program involved the Arkansas Art children’s hospital, school clubs, Art center, city parks and churches (Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families, 2002). In conclusion, the gun violence prevention programs started in Arkansas has greatly contributed to preventing gun violence cases in Arkansas. For instance, currently, there are 15 separate groups and 17 summer youth programs with more than 6,000 members funded by the initiative. In addition, a community in Arkansas, knows as Little Rock, recorded a 54% drop in juvenile gun violence arrests. Adjudicative practices are procedures that are made to solve disputes in the judiciary. One of these practices is rehabilitation of the federal prisoners.

This is an essay on MSc International Finance Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is an on MSc International Finance - Essay Example If these two concepts are to be mingled, then it may end up as the wrong medicine for a disease and lead to misjudgment and misallocation of resources. IMS does not promise any corrective measure addressed towards the increasing global imbalance. For the past few years the strength of the dollar is declining against the floating currencies of Europe (more specifically against euro and pound) and that of the Anglo Saxon world. However this will lead to the leveling of the current account deficit of USA. It also ensures that US fiscal deficit has to be adjusted immediately resulting in a wide leap in tax rate and finally a 25 percent revaluation of US $. The Europeans are in need for structural reform to liberalize the sclerotic European labor markets. However, neither US nor the European nations are adopting any corrective measures, making the current order as unsustainable. If this continues, the central bank of the Asian countries refuses to accumulate more dollars then in no time it will lead to a global recession. A viable IMS has to mend this type of disaster.

Four Main Forms Of Deviance Criminology Essay

Four Main Forms Of Deviance Criminology Essay There are four main forms of deviance, those are societal deviance this is an act which most of society would agree is not classed as part of normal behaviour. Drug abuse could be considered as societal deviance, most of society believes that it is not normal and encourages criminal behaviour. Drug users become outcasts and are considered to be deviants. Concealed deviance is that which no one sees, something which a person can keep hidden away it is still considered not part of societies set of norms. A man, who likes to dress up in womens clothes, could be considered a concealed deviant as they do this in the privacy of their own homes. This however, is considered to be not normal behaviour of the wider society and he would be considered deviant. In Arab countries such as Dubai and Yemen it is socially unacceptable, due to the religious culture of these countries for women to be seen without wearing the traditional hijab, however in western society any women wearing one is seen as being deviant as it is not part of western culture. This would be considered situational deviance, where it is only considered deviance in the culture you are in at that time and may not be considered deviant by every society. There is also collective or public deviance, this is deviance shared by a group of people which does not conform to that which is considered social norms, however follow a set of norms they have created within their own subculture. Gang culture could be described as deviant as most would say that the values of the gangs would not conform to the values of normal society. This is considered anti-social behaviour and in 2003 the government considered this a problem they created the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (legistlation.gov.uk). Crime is considered to be the act of breaking the law of the society you are in however, a crime can often be considered deviant by some societies. An example of this is speeding, some may consider speeding to be deviant however the police and social institutions consider this to be a crime. Although we have a set of laws and social norms in this country these may not be considered either crime or deviance in other cultures. With the introduction of the Firearms Act 1968 it became illegal for anyone in the United Kingdom to freely carry a weapon on their persons and all weapons had to be locked away (legistlation.gov.uk) however in some states of America people can still carry firearms in their everyday life. Troyer and Markles (1983) study of smoking in the USA illustrated how attitudes to smoking and cigarettes changed over time, and in fact ended with smoking being bans being introduced in the 1990s. During the late 19th century smoking was considered deviant behavior by many as it was associated with low social status and immigrants. Women who smoked were thought to be particularly deviant as it was also associated with prostitution. These attitudes began to change after World War 1, and smoking began to increase however by the end of the 1940s smoking was considered a socially acceptable with people of all classes now choosing to smoke. With the advance of science came the downfall of the cigarette and by the 1960s evidence towards smoking ruining health began to surface. This led to the ban of cigarette related advertising in 1970 and the eventual ban on smoking in public (Troyer Markle, 1983 as cited in Moore et al, 2006). Some believe that the need to commit crime comes from biological construction that certain types of people have hormonal or brain differences which causes them to become deviant from society and makes them more inclined to commit crimes. Cesare Lombroso one of the first criminologists did studies of criminals and believed that you could tell what crime a person committed just by how they looked, that physical abnormalities in a person made them more likely to commit crimes. This theory has now been discredited but some do still believe that there are some biological factors contributing to why people commit crime. Over time and as social attitudes change so do the norms and values of those societies these can often lead to acts which were once considered crimes or deviant to become norms. Until 1969 homosexuality was considered a crime and anyone caught would be brought before a judge and punished. In 1967 it became legal for men over the age of 21 to have consensual sex in private. This age was then lowered in 1994 and 2001. (Haralambos Holborn, 1980). It is now considered a norm to see couples of the same sex. Crimes change with time and culture and what is considered a crime in one society may not be in another, it is believed by most that crime is a social construction made up by norms and values of each society and culture. As each society evolves with time so does its set of Norms. Can we ultimately say that we gain our knowledge of what is right or wrong comes from the society we live in and the values that are set upon us as not everyone brought up in the same society falls into criminal or deviant behavior. References Anon.(2012) Firearms Act 1986(online). Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27/contents (accessed: 18th October 2012) Anon. (2012) Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 (Online). Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/38/contents (accessed: 18th October 2012) Moore S et al. (2006) Sociology A2 for OCR. 2nd Ed. London: Collins Haralambos, M and Holborn, M. (2004) Sociology, Themes and Perspectives. 6th Ed. HarperCollins: London Troyer, R.J and Markle, G.E (1983) Cigarettes: The battle over smoking. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Cited in Moore et al. (2006) Sociology A2 for OCR 2nd Ed. London: Collins Type: Outline: Strengths: Weaknesses: Police Statistics These are the official statistics that are used by the government, they based on what is reported to the police and also can tell which crimes have been resolved They can be used to show what types of crime are most prevalent in which areas. Police statistics can be useful in showing how many crimes get reported and what sort of crime is being reported. Not all crimes get reported so often the statistics cannot be 100% reliable Not all crimes can be categorised a crime and what one force might consider one type of crime another might not for example, distinguishing between burglary and theft. Often these statistics can be manipulated to show better results Doesnt take into account the dark figure of crime. Victimisation Surveys These studies, the main being The British Crime Survey, were introduced by the government to try and uncover the dark figure of crime. They choose a section of people at random and ask them to talk about crimes which they may not have reported and crimes which have been reported within the last year which they have been victim of. They are now considered part of the official statistics used by the government They account crimes which may have not been reported to the police They can help to uncover the dark figure of crime It goes deeper than the police statistics They rely on people remembering if or what crimes were committed against them They rely on people telling the truth about crimes committed Still assumes that everyone defines what is or isnt a crime the same way Self-Report Studies These studies are not part of the national crime statistics used by the government. They are questionnaires which rely on people admitting to crimes which they commit. Can be used to compare against official states to high light differences Can highlight crimes that are not generally report Again relies on peoples memory It relies on people telling the truth about the crimes they committed. May only concentrate on only a limited range of groups.

Three Forms of Irony in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- GCSE English Li

   Macbeth, is a story of a man who's ambitions have brought him to commit treason and murder. Visions of power grew within his head until his thirst for power causes him to lose that very source of his ambition to the blade of Macduff's sword. It is the ironic and symbolic elements such as this in the play which contribute to much of the acceptance the work has enjoyed for centuries. Three forms of irony may be found in the play, Macbeth: Dramatic irony, being the difference between what the audience knows and what a character knows to be true; Verbal Irony, being a difference between what is said and what is meant; and Situational Irony, a difference between what happens and what is expected to happen. I will attempt to show examples of each of these forms of irony and explain their relevance to the characters and the plot.   There are many examples of dramatic irony in the play which we might discuss. A major example is where Lennox asks Macbeth whether the king is to leave Macbeth's castle for home, Lennox: "Goes the king hence today?" Macbeth: "He does: he did appoint so." (II,iii,54-54) Obviously Macbeth is lying through his teeth, for the audience was fully aware that he planned to murder King Duncan that night. But if one takes Macbeth's reply literally, Duncan did "plan" to leave the castle the next day; there is no lie to be found in that. One can look back on the porter's hidden truths at the beginning of the scene, Porter: "Knock, knock! Who's there, i' the other devil's name! Faith, here's an equivocator, that could swear in both the scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven: O! come in, equivocator." (II,iii,7-11) .. ....   Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London: AMS Press, Inc., 1965.  Ã‚   Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul  Ã‚   Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steevens, George. Shakespeare, The Critical Heritage. Vol. 6. London:  Ã‚   Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.  Ã‚   T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London: Routledge & Kegan  Ã‚   Paul, 1979.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.     Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979.

Family or the Individual: Who Do We Work with?

Dani Romero Dr. Mack Cherry PHIL 3311 3/1/2013 Family or the individual: Who do we work with? Just as culture and individuals, medical ethics varies around the world. In the Western world medical ethics regarding consent is almost driven by the idea of separating the patient from the family. As discussed in class and readings, Western bio-ethics, compared to other countries, goes to the extent in dehumanizing the family figure when it comes to medical ethics, unless the patient is incapable to make their own decisions on their care.This idea is applied to most cases, even to those pertaining to minors. In other countries, for example China, family is the first source a physician goes to in order to to discuss the patients care and state before talking to the patient. The main question is, which approach should be used when it comes to consent? Is it better to glorify the patients independence by getting rid of the family figure or is it better for the physician to go to the family fi rst before bombarding a patient with overwhelming information?Of course, both sides of the argument have valid ideas defending their reasoning; however, trying to approach this as unbiased standard would be useless. In addition to making an insight to both arguments I will also apply what I have experienced with regards to a family vs. individual approach in my culture. First of all, we must understand that each approach is based on a statistical analysis, meaning that it’s a summation of the most common outcomes of each individual case.We approach each case like this because it would be impossible to remember every single outcome for each individual case that is relevant. This doesn’t mean that every single family is evil and tries to exclude the patient from their own choices; however, it also doesn’t mean that every family is a depiction of the Brady Bunch where everyone is happy, understanding and embraces each others flaws and quirks. In addition, we must a lso fully understand what the term family really means.According to the Oxford Dictionary a family means â€Å" a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household†. If you approach this through a biological point of view it means â€Å"a principal taxonomic category that ranks above genus and below order† (Oxford Dictionary). In both descriptions a family is basically a group that shares similar qualities and characteristics, but unlike friends that share same interests, family members are joined by a blood line that holds together by, not only interest, but also biological need to survive (e. . Propagation of their genes to future generations) In Western culture there has been a desire to separate the patient from the family. It almost feels as if society sees the family figure as a source of unfair control or a dictatorship that silences the individuals voice. In our modern society, bio ethics is driven by working for whats the best interest of the patient and what they, as an individual, say is better fit for them.In this approach, the family plays a only a â€Å"by default† sense, meaning that the patient is incapable of acting on their own behalf and has failed to appoint another individual to serve in their behalf and make decisions in the patients best interest (Boisaubin, 2004; Cherry and Engelhardt, 2004) Through the passing of the years, we as American’s have built up a mind set that families are evil and should not be trusted since we believe that no one knows better than what the individual wants but the individual himself.The ideas behind isolating the individual from the family is to protect their â€Å"best interest†. By having the patient as the â€Å"go to figure† we are enforcing the authority the patient has over themselves thus assuring that they are the only one that have control on what should happen to them. The idea of liberty plays a great part in Western culture, thus by isolating the patient we are playing by what every American is entitled to, which in this case, is the liberty to either accept or deny treatments offered by physicians.Also, as mentioned before, the main reason why an a patient is treated as an individual is in order to protect their best interest. As it can be easily seen, the family figure plays no role in this approach. The families main role is to play a historian in order to help the physician fill any gaps left by the patient. In this case families are suppose to be trusted, unless they show signs that they are incapable of being trusted. As mentioned in Ruiping Fan’s and Julia Tao’s â€Å"Consent to Medical Treatment: The Complex Interplay of Patients, Families, and Physicians,Western ioethics began as a fight against paternalism in order for the patient to gain autonomy over themselves (Engelhardt, 2002). Bioethics was build up on the pillars of individualism and autonomy over ones own body and decisions. Kn owing this it doesn’t seem strange that Western bioethics drive a wedge between the family and the individual. Most would believe that the wedge driven between patient and family wouldn’t affect pediatrics since children aren’t seen as a someone who is responsible and aware of their actions and their repercussions.However, in Western society the same idea is being applied to pediatric care. In today’s society, under the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of Children† by the United nations â€Å"minor children ought to be treated as self-possessed moral agents, who are to undertake their own moral and life-style decision making as soon as possible and as far as feasible† (Parental Authority and Pediatric Bioethical, pg. 553). An example would be acceptance of allowing children as young as 14 years-old to get birth control and abortion with out parental consent.Even if, according to Englehardt, some isn’t considered a responsible person in the sense that they are rational and are able to understand their actions till the age of 18 (). It almost seems strange that children at such young age have the mental and moral capacity to make such drastic decisions with out parental consent. This all falls under the same idea of the individual being independent and free to make their own choice, even if the individual doesn’t have full control over their impulses.Granted that parents and guardians are suppose to act in behalf of their child’s best interest; however, how is possible for Western bioethics to try to drive a wedge between the bond of child and parent at such an early age? On the other hand when we look at other countries such as China, we see that there is there is a more family oriented approach to medical ethics. According to Yali Cong’s article â€Å"Doctor-Family-Patient Relationship: The Chinese Paradigm of Informed Consent† a â€Å"family member† can either be the patients fa mily or the representative of the patient’s entire family, usually meaning the grandfather, father or elder son (pg. 52). The individual makes part of the family, thus whatever causes harm to the individual causes harm to the family ( e. c emotionally, mentally, economically) therefore the family should be with the individual in order to support them through the process. In most cases in China, the physician discusses the patients health with the family first and then they decide how much the patient should be told or if they should be told at all.Even if this approach is family oriented, it doesn’t mean that the individuals voice is ignored and all the decisions are made by the family and don’t consider the individual. It means that if the individual isn’t able to communicate or the family decides not fully disclose all the information to the patient, family members will act in the patients behalf and follow what the patient best interest is. This bioeth ical approach revolves around one central idea: why should we separate the patient from the people they are there to support them?As explained, Chinese physicians would never directly tell the patient that they are suffering from a terminal illness. On the other hand they would approach the family and educate them about what’s going on and what could happen and then the family can decide what to do in regards of letting the patient know. Families usually tell their loved ones the diagnosis gradually in order for them to take in the news and learn to accept it little-by-little and allowing them to adjust to their state (Doctor-Family-Patient Relationship, pg. 155)Another similar approach to the family oriented consent is that of Confucian moral balance where not only is family integrity important but also pursuits a harmonious ambiance where family members can cooperate and work harmoniously with one another in order to work for the patients best interest (The Family and Harmo nious Medical Decision Making, pg. 580). In the case of Tankai and her unfortunate death due a strike to the head in an accident her parents had to become the figure of authority since Tankai couldn’t possible act in her behalf.After her death, Tankai’s father decided to donate her organs in the hope that â€Å"their daughters life could at least partially be continued in someone [else]† (HEC Forum 2008, pg. 191). In this case, the family stepped in and acted on their daughters behalf and did what they knew Tankai would have decided on if she where to be of sound and mind before her passing. As shown by this case, the families job is to act in the behalf of the individual and do what they would have considered their best interest.In addition, it is understood that when the term â€Å"best interest† is used in this context it doesn’t mean the what the family may benefit from but what a the individual of the family will ultimately benefit from. After understanding both sides of the argument, I can see that I lean more towards the family oriented approach. I was brought up in a traditional Catholic home, in addition I come from a Mexican background meaning that I come from a very conservative household.Family plays a big role in the morals that have been taught to me through both my religion and culture. As I grew older I started to deviate from some of the ideas that had been drilled into my head by my culture. However, I don’t understand the Western obsession with separating the individual from the family as if they where to ignore the individuals voice and carry out their beliefs on them. Family is seen as the core of social and economic activity and therefore the locust of moral activity.I’m not saying that individuals choices should be manipulated by the families interest but the family shouldn’t be removed from the picture since they are the source of the individuals moral and ethical reasoning. The in dividual’s reasoning usually comes from elder family members that have been passed down from one generation to another, which makes the idea of cutting off the family seem even more irrational. As I grew up, I was taught that with out family you don’t have anything. I was taught that family is the glue that holds all your life together and without it life would be hard and eventually fall apart.Of course, not all families are the same and there may be a reason why Western medical ethics have decided to remove the family figure, but for the most part family members tend to care more for the people they have a stronger connection to thus making them one of the most reliable choice rather than a â€Å"by default† choice. However, if the family doesn’t seem to be trust worthy (due to their actions, behavior, and decisions of care for the patient) or the patient has expressed that they don’t wish to have to do anything with them, I believe that the fami ly oriented approach is the better one.I trust that my parents, siblings or any other family member, can responsibly act on my behalf if I’m not able to do so. Why wouldn’t I trust the people that have been there for me through thick and thin, and have molded me to become the person I am today? It seems bizarre to think that some people can’t trust their own family members; however, I do understand that not everyone has the same luck with family members and experience. In my own personal view of the situation I would prefer for my parents to be informed first about by condition, that is if it’s a horrble diagnosis.I would prefer for my parents to have their breakdown and cry out their feelings prior to me knowing the diagnoses. I believe this because when I am informed by the physician I would have my moment and would be able to look at my parents and have them be the shoulder for me to cry on, rather than them having a meltdown and me not have anyone to look up to and reassure me â€Å"everything would be ok†. Generally, it’s the families duty to comfort the ill family member, and having them cry and have a meltdown would be more stressful rather than comforting.I also agree with the Chinese ethical belief that when it comes to medical context it should com down to three different parties: the patient, family and physician (The Family and Harmonious Medical Decision Making, pg. 580) Another thing to think about when it comes to family oriented approach is the role parental and guardian supervision take place in pediatric care. Due to my upbringing in a catholic home it’s really hard for me to stomach the idea that children as young as 14 years-old can receive abortions and birth-control without parental consent.Yes, I understand the idea that it’s better for them to be sexually active with protection rather than having them have unprotected intimate relationship. However, this comes back to the idea of m oral pluralism, that everyone is a secular individual and necessarily share the same beliefs. However, maybe it’s because it got beaten into my head that it wasn’t acceptable to be intimate till marriage, but to me it seems that we are giving children the easy way out.Technically, Western culture is enforcing children to go behind their parents back and engage in such activities that they [the child] could lead to consequences that they can easily be protected from or taken out of. My question is; when is protecting the child’s â€Å"best interest† gone too far? Western culture is attempting to take apart the family figure by allowing children to be â€Å" self-possessed moral agents† (Parental Authority†¦ pg. 553). Overall, there is a definite connection between Chinese morals with hose that I have been exposed to, making it harder for me to understand the reasoning behind Western fight for the separation of the patient from the family. Famil y oriented and individual oriented approaches to medical cases have one thing in common; that they both strive for the patients best interest; however, how you arrive at that is a long path that has been twisted and turned by modern Western society. This makes is impossible for physicians to choose a default approach to all cases.Unless you live in a family and tradition driven society like China, one can’t assume that everyone is comfortable with a family approach. However, since America is a melting-pot or cultures there really isn’t a right answer for which approach should be the default one. Most individuals, and physicians, prefer the individual approach since it’s just easier to talk to the individual with out having 10 different people screaming at you giving different opinions.Regardless of what’s easier, I believe that if the patient is to say that they prefer a family oriented approach as that the one used in China, their wishes should be respec ted and carried out since it is considered the patients best interest. As a prospective medical student I know I will have to understand and keep an open mind and do what the patients best interest is. Overall, I find that the family approach may be more relaxing to the patient; however, if the patients family doesn’t seem trustworthy or doesn’t seem interested on the patients best interest

Genealogy Research in Great Britain

Once youve explored as much of your family tree as you can online, its time to head to Britain and the land of your ancestors. Nothing can compare to visiting the places where your ancestors once lived, and on-site research offers access to a variety of records that arent available elsewhere.   England Wales: If your family tree leads you to England or Wales, then London is a good place to start your research. This is where youll find most of Englands major repositories. Most people begin with the Family Records Centre, jointly operated by the General Register Office and the National Archives, as it holds the original indexes to the births, marriages and deaths registered in England and Wales from 1837. There are also other collections available for research, such as death duty registers, census returns and the Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills. If your short on research time, however, most of these records can also be searched online (most for a fee) in advance of your trip. Located within walking distance of the Family Records Centre, the library of the Society of Genealogists in London is another excellent place to start your search for British ancestry. Here youll find many published family histories and the largest collection of transcribed parish registers in England. The library also has census records for all of the British Isles, city directories, poll lists, wills, and an advice desk where you can get expert suggestions on how and where to continue your research. The National Archives in Kew, outside of London, has many records that are not available elsewhere, including nonconformist church records, probates, letters of administration, military records, taxation records, association oath rolls, maps, parliamentary papers, and court records. This is generally not the best place to start your research, but is a must-visit for anyone looking to follow up clues found in more basic records such as census enumerations and parish registers. The National Archives, which covers England, Wales and the central UK government, is especially important for anyone researching members of the armed forces. Before you visit, be sure to check out their online catalog and comprehensive research guides. Other important research repositories in London include the Guildhall Library, home to the parish records of the City of London and records of city guilds; the British Library, most notable for its manuscripts and Oriental and India Office collections; and the London Metropolitan Archives, which houses records of metropolitan London. For further Welsh research, the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth is the main center for family history research in Wales. There you will find copies of parish registers and family collections of deeds, pedigrees and other genealogical material, as well as all wills proved in the Welsh diocesan courts. The twelve County Record Offices of Wales hold copies of the indexes for their respective areas, and most also hold microfilm copies of records such as census returns. Most also hold their local parish registers dating back to 1538 (including some that arent also kept at the National Library of Wales).   Scotland: In Scotland, most of the main national archives and genealogical repositories are housed in Edinburgh. This is where youll find the General Register Office of Scotland, which holds civil birth, marriage and death records from 1 January 1855, plus census returns and parish registers. Next door, the National Archives of Scotland preserves a host of genealogical material, including wills and testaments from the 16th century to the present day. Just down the road lies the National Library of Scotland where you can search trade and street directories, professional directories, family and local histories and an extensive map collection. The Library and Family History Centre of the Scottish Genealogy Society is also located in Edinburgh, and houses a unique collection of family histories, pedigrees and manuscripts.   Go Local Once youve explored the national and specialist repositories, the next stop is generally the county or municipal archive. This is also a good place to start if your time is limited and you are definite about the area where your ancestors lived. Most county archives include microfilm copies of national records, such as certificate indexes and census records, as well as important county collections, such as local wills, land records, family papers and parish registers. ARCHON, hosted by the National Archives, includes contact details for archives and other record repositories within the UK. Check the regional directory to find county archives, university archives and other unique resources in your area of interest.   Explore Your History Be sure to leave time on your journey to visit the places where your ancestors once lived, and explore the history of your family. Use census and civil registration records to identify the addresses where your ancestors resided, take a trip to their parish church or the cemetery where they are buried, enjoy dinner in a Scottish castle, or visit a specialty archive or museum to learn more about how your ancestors lived. Look for interesting stops such as the National Coal Museum in Wales; the West Highland Museum in Fort William, Scotland; or the National Army Museum in Chelsea, England. For those with Scottish roots, Ancestral Scotland offers a number of clan-themed iteneraries to help you walk in your ancestors footsteps.